The western neighbourhood is a predominantly Shiite Muslim enclave and home to the minority Hazara community a historically oppressed group that has targeted in some of Afghanistan's most brutal attacks in recent years.
Police said at least 20 people were killed but the United Nations has put the number at 24.
On Saturday about 50 women chanted, "Stop Hazara genocide, it's not a crime to be a Shiite", as they marched past a hospital in Dasht-e-Barchi where several victims of the attack being treated.
Dressed in black hijabs and headscarves, angry protesters carried banners that read: "Stop killing Hazaras", an AFP correspondent reported.
Witnesses have told AFP that the suicide attacker detonated in the women's section of the gender-segregated hall.
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"Yesterday's attack against the Hazaras and Hazara girls," protester Farzana Ahmadi, 19, told AFP.
"We demand a stop to this genocide. We staged the protest to demand our rights."
Protesters later gathered in front of the hospital and chanted slogans as dozens of heavily armed Taliban, some carrying rocket-propelled-grenade launchers, kept watch.
Since the hardline Taliban returned to power last August, women's protests have become risky, with numerous demonstrators detained and rallies broken up by Taliban forces firing shots in the air.